The United States History - 1568 Words

MALIK, 703, HUMANITIES CYCLE 4 Over the course of the united states history there have been many different ethnic groups who have been discriminated. There s sna very long list of people who were forced out of certain opportunities because of their skin color, but for this project I old like to focus on the African American people. So African Americans (AA) have a long history of discrimination in this country starting out with the idea of races. Europeans originally used irish and indian people as their slaves(at least the british did) and african americans were better than the sea of poor whites so than demand began(this was the latter part of the 17th century)The transatlantic slave trade took many aa away during 1525 and 1866†¦show more content†¦While tensions are mounting to between America and England Two notable things happen one aa Lucy Terry writes a poem in 1746 and is the very first aa to get it published. Also Phillis weasley publishes a book. Later on in time after the colonies war with Great Britain,and the American revolution began slaves on both sides were offered their freedom in exchange for their service in the military. So there were both freed American slaves on the British and American sides. They joined the british for liberty and freedom much like they should have gotten when the sided with the americans when they joined the British. After the was over and the Americans were successful in establishing this here country, just like had been done to them before they were lied to ruthlessly and heartlessly cheated out of their freedom and things stayed the same. In the time inbetween the revolution and the civil war a lot happened like for example nat turner s rebellion, where nat turner and other slaves led a violent and short lived rebellion against their ex-oppressors(1831).(1839) 53 African slaves on board the slave ship the Amistad revolted against their captors, killing all but the ship s navigator, who sailed them to Long Island, N.Y., instead of their intended destination, Africa. Joseph Cinquà © was the group s leader. The slaves aboard the ship

Pax Roman A Time Of Peace And Learning - 1459 Words

Research paper: Pax Romana Rome’s Golden Age, often called the â€Å"Pax Romana†, was a time of peace and learning after the ongoing wars with neighboring barbarians, and civil wars. During this time of peace, the Romans greatly expanded their commerce and also refine their art. With peace, the romans spent less time focusing on war and more time focusing on the arts. History remembers the legendary Roman legions as the one of the most deadly and successful fighting forces in the ancient world. Even today, stories of their great success and invincibility in the face of their enemies are still known. At the height of their empire, the Romans were able to conquer a vast empire that stretched over three continents and maintain t power for centuries over the Mediterranean Sea. The key to Rome’s military success during the Pax Romana was the advanced military innovations that the Romans incorporated into its great army that included military bureaucracy, advanced batt le tactics and military technology. The Pax Romana was a time of relative peace during the Roman Empire. Although there were small conflicts during The Pax Romana it was generally known as a time of prosperity and expansion for Rome, mainly under the leadership of Emperor Augustus and Tiberius who successfully expanded borders and made peace with neighboring barbarians. Pax Romana is Latin for peaceful Rome. It lasted from 27 BC to 180 AD, from the end of the Republican Civil wars to the death of Marcus Aurelious.Show MoreRelatedAugustus Of The Roman Empire1365 Words   |  6 PagesDictator of the Roman Empire adopted his grandnephew, also known as Octavian in his will. 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Explanation of Investment and Portfolio Management

Question: Discuss about the Explanation of Investment and Portfolio Management. Answer: Introduction The following assignment presents the explanation and concept of share valuation by analyzing the securities of a listed company in Australia. The study aims to determine and present the correct valuation, over valuation or under valuation of securities by considering different methods of share valuation. For the purpose of share valuation and analysis, Woolworths Limited has been selected that is listed on Australian Stock Exchange and included in the top 200 stocks as per market capitalization value (Asx.com.au 2017). Further, share valuation and analysis has been done by considering two types of valuation i.e. absolute valuation and relative valuation. Absolute valuation is considered to measure the intrinsic value of securities based on the fundamentals like cash flow, dividends or growth rate of the organization. On the contrary,relative valuation is considered to present comparable valuation of the securities along with the share valuation of other similarorganizations (Damodar an2016). Accordingly, in order to present the share valuation analysis of Woolworths Limited different models of absolute valuation has been considered. Discussion Background of the company: Woolworths Limited is a public company and second largest organization in Australia in view of the amount of revenue. The company was founded in the year 1924 having its headquarters at New South Wales, Australia while it serves the business in New Zealand and India. According to the current reports on business valuation, the organization has been valued at $30.2 billion whereas the operating income reported at $1.6 billion(Woolworths 2016). It has been observed that the number of locations of the organization reported to more than 3,800 in Australian region. Further, primary business operation of the company includes Australian food and Petrol representing two- third of its total revenue ($39.4 million), revenue from drinks group amounted to $7.58 million and other departmental stores and hotels including the stores of liquor that derives the income of around $6.53 million (Woolworths 2016). Analysis of current valuation: Current valuation of Woolworths Limited involves enterprise valuation that is measured in accordance with the current market valuation by considering the value of liquid assets, outstanding debt and value of equity instrument. Accordingly, the enterprise value of the company is determined by using the value of market capitalization, value of debt deducted by the amount of cash. Currently, the enterprise value of the organization has been reported amounted to $33.56 Billion, which is lower than other sectors in service industry, approximately by 89.26% while 61.55% lower than of the sector involved in grocery industry(Asx.com.au 2017). Currently, the shares of the company have been valued at $24.38 while dividend yield on annual basis reported at 3.16%. It has been noted that the return on assets of the company was 6.56% whereas profit margin reflected negative balance (2.12) percentage and operating margin at 4.40%(Asx.com.au 2017). In order to determine the correct valuation of the securities of Woolworths, absolute valuation would be considered based on the dividend discount model, price earnings ratio, earnings per share model and growth rate model. As per dividend discount model, true valuation of the securities would be measured based on the dividend payment to the shareholders (Andriosopoulos and Lasfer2015). Valuation of securities under this methodology would be considered on the basis of present value of cash value based on the actual payment of dividend amount. It is essential that the payment of dividend should be stable and involves predictable amount considering the growth rate for dividend per share or earnings per share. Valuation of shares as per dividend discount model is estimated by considering dividend growth rate and related rate of discount used to measure the present value (Cornell 2013). Considering the recent data of Woolworths Limited, following equation will be used to measure the present value of securities of Woolworths i.e. Dividend per share/ (Discount rate- Growth rate). As per the current years annual report, dividend per share of the company for the financial year 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 has been 122 cents, 126 cents, 133 cents, 137 cents and 139 cents respectively(Woolworths 2016).The discount rate for Woolworths Limited to be 8% while the growth rate 5% based on the recent years financial information has been assumed. Hence, it can be said that Woolworths dividend payment reflects constant growth over the years in accordance with the earnings. Accordingly, share value of Woolworths for the year 2015 would be measured as $1.39/ (0.08- 0.05) = $46.33 whereas share value for the year 2014 would be $1.37/ (0.08- 0.05) = $45.67(Woolworths 2016). On the contrary, present market value of the securities of Woolworths has been $24.27 hence, the share value of Woolworths as per dividend discount model is said to be undervalued. Since the present valuation of securities of Woolworths has been undervalued, the investors can be recommended to go long on trading the securities. In addition, share valuation can be measured by using another model in absolute valuation i.e. Discounted Cash Flow Model that is used to determine the correct share valuation using future cash flows. This method is mainly preferable to measure the share valuation for the organizations that does not pay dividend. In order to measure the value of business or securities forecasted free cash flow based on the previous years performance as well as based on growth rate (Cumming and Hou2014). As per the financial information of Woolworths Limited, free cash flow during the recent year has been $2,167million; cash flow from operating activities amounted to $4,711.1 million whereas cash flow used in investment activities $1,055.7 million(Woolworths 2016). It was noted that the cash flow from operating activities and used in investing activities declined in the current year in comparison to the previous year. Accordingly, share value as per discounted cash flow model would be determinedby con sidering discounted cash flow of the year along with the use of growth rate i.e. $2,167/ (1+8%) = $ 2,006 i.e. $30.45. As the current price of security of Woolworths has been $24.27 therefore, share valuation of the company as per discounted cash flow model is undervalued and investors either can purchase the shares or can hold the same. For the purpose of appropriate valuation of shares, Earnings per share methodology can be considered, which refers to the amount of net income attributable to the shareholders of the organizations divided by the outstanding shares during the financial year (Raza and Jawaid2014). In certain cases, earnings per share of the company is adjusted by excluding certain non- cash items i.e. amount of goodwill amortization or expenses on stock valuation. For the purpose of appropriate valuation of shares, it is essential to consider volatility of companys EPS for several years (Goodman and McLelland2016). In view of the financial report of Woolworths Limited for the recent financial year, basic earnings per share of the company during the year 2015 was 170.8 cents whereas 196.5 cents during the year 2014. It has observed that the earnings of the company declined in the recent years in compared to the earnings of 2014(Woolworths 2016). On the other hand, price earnings ratio of the companys se curities is important to consider that provides information on stock price in relation to the earnings for a particular financial year. If the computed price earnings ratio of the company is less than the benchmark of the industry, the shares would be considered undervalued whereas if the price- earnings ratio of the company is higher than the industry benchmark, share of the company would be considered as overvalued (Gregory and Whittaker 2013). As per the current financial economy, standard price earnings ratio 15 is considered while P/E ratio of the company Woolworths has been reported at 12.81 that is lower than the industrial benchmark. Therefore, it can be said that as per the earnings per share and price- earnings ratio, share price of Woolworths limited is undervalued and the investors can go long (Asx.com.au 2017). Growth rate on sales and income is also considered for measuring the valuation of shares of the company based on the historical judgments and future prediction. Valuation on shares based on the growth rate would be sales revenue and other income during the financial year and in comparison to the benchmark of the industry. Growth rate is used to determine the appropriate share price along with the factors of discounting rate and dividend per share. If the value of dividend of the company expects to grow over the period, the stock will be considered as constant growth security (Wang 2013). In case of Woolworths Limited, it has been noticed that the companys dividend for the past years along with that in current year has been increasing whereas revenue income of the company declined in the year 2015. Hence, if the method of constant growth model is considered, valuation of share will be measured by using current dividend amount, expected growth rate and required return (Kung and Schmid2 015). Considering the current financial information of Woolworths, current dividend amounted to $139 cents is provided while expected growth rate is 5% assuming the required rate of return on the security investment would be 12% as per the industrial benchmark(Woolworths 2016). Therefore, price of the share of Woolworths Limited would be determined as $20.85 i.e. [$1.39 (1+.05)/12-0.06] whereas current market price of the share is $24.27. In view of the growth rate model, considering the valuation of securities, it can be said that the companys present share valuation is overvalued and the investors are recommended to go short. Overvaluation and undervaluation of shares is determined by considered the percentage of return on organizational capital, assets, sales as well as market capitalization. Return on invested capital is used to measure the amount of investment in terms of capital that provides information on growth level and derivation of capital return against the amount of cost of capital(Pan, Wang and Weisbach2015). If the return on investment capital is higher then it can be said that the company is efficient and ratio on companys income with that of the invested capital would determine the correct valuation of shares (Wachter2013). In case of Woolworths Limited, invested capital during the current year 2015 amounted to $11,132 million whereas the net income amounted to $2,137 million, therefore return on invested capital would be 19.19%(Woolworths 2016). It can be said that the percentage of return on invested capital is higher than the standard required rate of return i.e. 12% and the valuation o f shares can be said to be undervalued and the investors can go long on the shares. Similarly, return on assets provides the measurement of the efficiency of the organization to generate business income from the use of assets. In order to determine the return on assets, total income after tax as well as total value of assets is to be considered during the financial year. Considering the return on assets, if the return is higher than the expected return, the valuation of the shares is said to be overvalued whereas if the return on assets is lower than the expected value then shares would be considered as undervalued (Dechow, Sloan and Zha2013). Considering the current years financial information, total value of assets of the company is $25,336 whereas net income amounted to $2,137 million. Therefore, return on organizational asset to be determined as 8.43% while the expected return considered is 12%, which is higher than the computed value(Woolworths 2016). Since, the expected return on investment of securities is higher than the actual current rate of return from as sets, shares of Woolworths can be considered overvalued and investors are advised to go short. Other factors that are used to measure the correct valuation of securities involves price to sales ratio, market capitalization, enterprise value and sales ratio as well as enterprise value and earnings before interest and tax ratio. Price to sales ratio is used to compare the current market price of the companys shares along with the amount of sales earned during the financial year (Greenwood and Shleifer2014). Sales value of Woolworths during the current financial year amounted to $60,868.40 million or $48.07 per share while the current market price of stock valued to $24.27 therefore, price to sales ratio equals to 1.98. Considering the price to sales ratio of other similar organizations in the same industry, trading value is 2.0, which is higher than that of the value of Woolworths(Asx.com.au 2017). Hence, the shares of Woolworths Limited can be considered as undervalued and are suitable if investors go long on such securities. However, if market capitalization factor is consider ed to determine the share valuation, it represents the value of entire securities of the company. It is measured by considering current price of each stock of the company as well as total number of outstanding shares. Moreover, enterprise value refers to the total value of the organization that is measured by considering market capitalization value and total value of debt involving short- term and long- term debts (Alti and Tetlock2014). As per the current financial report, market cap of the company has been 71.72B whereas enterprise value has been 76.31B hence it can be said that the stock price of Woolworths Limited is undervalued as the market capitalization is lower and the investors are recommended to go long. Conclusion Share valuation analysis is considered to be one of the essential factors for the investors to determine the organizational efficiency for the purpose of making investments. As the study demonstrates different models and methodology for valuation shares, it presents analysis on the overvaluation, undervaluation or correct valuation of shares for the selected company Woolworths Limited. For this purpose, absolute valuation method has been considered that incorporates dividend discount model, discounted cash flow method, growth rate method, earnings per share method. Following the dividend discount model, security valuation has been done based on the dividend paid by Woolworths over the several financial years along with comparison in the current year. As per the methodology, value of shares determined has been undervalued since the current market price of the security reflected lower value. Similarly share valuation as per discounted cash flow method, share valuation has been determined as undervalued because the value of share as per cash flow method has been higher than the market price. Further, share valuation as per other methodology has been determined as undervalued as the current market value of Woolworths security was lower. On the contrary, valuation based on the percentage of return on assets and growth rate considered to be overvalued since the standard return value has been higher. Market capitalization, return on investment, price to sales ratio and enterprise value has also been considered to value the securities based on the current financial report. As the determined value of market capitalization of company is lower, the current valuation of security of Woolworths considered to be undervalued. However, as Woolwor ths Limited provides dividend payment, the most reliable and absolute valuation method would be dividend discount model that determines the stock of the company are undervalued hence investors can go long. Reference: Alti, A. and Tetlock, P.C., 2014. Biased beliefs, asset prices, and investment: A structural approach.The Journal of Finance,69(1), pp.325-361. Andriosopoulos, D. and Lasfer, M., 2015. The market valuation of share repurchases in Europe.Journal of Banking Finance,55, pp.327-339. Asx.com.au. 2017.Home - Australian Securities Exchange - ASX. [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/ [Accessed 7 Jan. 2017]. Cakici, N. and Topyan, K., 2014. Market Capitalization. InRisk and Return in Asian Emerging Markets(pp. 13-27). Palgrave Macmillan US. Cornell, B., 2013. Discounted Cash Flow and Residual Earnings Valuation: A Comparison in the Context of Valuation Disputes.Business Valuation Review,31(4), pp.157-164. Cumming, D. and Hou, W., 2014.Valuation of restricted shares by conflicting shareholders in the Split Share Structure Reform.The European Journal of Finance,20(7-9), pp.778-802. Damodaran, A., 2016.Damodaran on valuation: security analysis for investment and corporate finance(Vol. 324). John Wiley Sons. Dechow, P.M., Sloan, R.G. and Zha, J., 2013. Stock prices and earnings: A history of research.Annual Review of Financial Economics,6, pp.343-363. Dias, A., 2013. Market capitalization and Value-at-Risk.Journal of Banking Finance,37(12), pp.5248-5260. Farrell, M. and Gallagher, R., 2015. The valuation implications of enterprise risk management maturity.Journal of Risk and Insurance,82(3), pp.625-657. Goodman, D.H. and McLelland, M., 2016. The implied private company pricing line (IPCPL): On the nature, scope, and assumptions of IPCPL theory.Business Valuation Review,35(1), pp.18-29. Greenwood, R. and Shleifer, A., 2014. Expectations of returns and expected returns.Review of Financial Studies,27(3), pp.714-746. Gregory, A. and Whittaker, J., 2013. Exploring the valuation of corporate social responsibilityA comparison of research methods.Journal of business ethics,116(1), pp.1-20. Kung, H. and Schmid, L., 2015. Innovation, growth, and asset prices.The Journal of Finance,70(3), pp.1001-1037. Novy-Marx, R., 2013. The other side of value: The gross profitability premium.Journal of Financial Economics,108(1), pp.1-28. Pan, Y., Wang, T.Y. and Weisbach, M.S., 2015. Learning about CEO ability and stock return volatility.Review of Financial Studies, p.hhv014. Raza, S.A. and Jawaid, S.T., 2014. Foreign capital inflows, economic growth and stock market capitalization in Asian countries: an ARDL bound testing approach.Quality Quantity,48(1), pp.375-385. Wachter, J.A., 2013. Can Time?Varying Risk of Rare Disasters Explain Aggregate Stock Market Volatility?.The Journal of Finance,68(3), pp.987-1035. Wang, M.C., 2013. Value relevance on intellectual capital valuation methods: the role of corporate governance.Quality Quantity,47(2), pp.1213-1223. Woolworths 2016.Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online. Available at:https://www.woolworths.com.au/[Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].

The Prioress And Women Of Chaucers Time English Literature Essay Essay Example

The Prioress And Women Of Chaucers Time English Literature Essay Essay Geoffrey Chaucer s The Canterbury Tales is a antic piece of literature which tells the narrative of a group of travellers who are on a pilgrims journey. The General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales is a long transition in which Chaucer describes the characters. The characters societal stature and general businesss vary greatly and it is clear to the reader that there are some who Chaucer greatly admires and others who he intends to a jeer of. In making so, he besides assigns gender stereotypes, which can be seen in his favourable portraiture of the Knight character and really unfavourable portraiture of the Prioress character. By comparing the Prioress and Knight s descriptions in the General Prologue, the reader can state this to be true. We will write a custom essay sample on The Prioress And Women Of Chaucers Time English Literature Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Prioress And Women Of Chaucers Time English Literature Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Prioress And Women Of Chaucers Time English Literature Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Upon first reading Chaucer s Prioress description it would look that she is a favourable figure in his eyes: Ther was besides a Nonne, a Prioress / That of hir smile was ful simple and coy./Hir gretteste ooth was but by sainte joy! ( lines 118-120 ) . This shortly turns to a sarcastic tone and we see how Chaucer uses the Prioress to depict his positions on adult females in general: shoal, unfaithful and wanting riches/higher societal position. The Prioress is described as a nun but Chaucer emphasizes her blue mode and public image. The Prioress is seeking to move as if she were in a higher societal stature than she truly is. Her efforts to feign she is something that she is non is Chaucer s manner to demo her superficiality ( and his degrading position towards adult females in general ) . Equally difficult as she may seek to conceal them, Chaucer points out her defects. The Abbess flaunts her instruction and cognition of French as if she had traveled at that place for an drawn-out period of clip and was a worldly traveller. When the storyteller says, And Frenssh she spak ful faire and fetishly, / After the scole of Stratford at the Bowe- / For Frenssh of Paris was to engage unknowe ( lines 124-126 ) , it is Chaucer s manner of stating the reader that she does non cognize her Gallic from her travels, instead from books and schooling. Her efforts to sham herself as sophisticated merely make her character seem even shallower. This form continues when the storyteller remarks on her table manners At mete wel ytaught was she withalle: / She leet no morsel from hir lippes falle, / Ne wette hir fingers in hir sauce deepe ; / wel coude she carye a morsel, and wel keepe / That no drope ne fille upon hir Brest ( lines 127-131 ) and once more two lines subsequently adding Hir over-lippe wiped she so clene / That in hir coppe ther was no firthing seene ( lines 133-134 ) . This was clearly meant to be taken as irony instead than a good quality because no 1 wants to b e remembered or described for their table manners. For this ground the reader can deduce that Chaucer is utilizing the storyteller to defame the Prioress character and adult females in general. At the clip Chaucer wrote this, a adult female of the Prioress stature, a nun, is supposed to act and move a certain manner. That is to state, she should move in a mode that the Church would O.K. of. The storyteller describes her in a few ways as the antonym, which would be clearly known to any reader of the twenty-four hours. The first being when the storyteller is depicting her broach of golde ful sheene ( lines 160 ) which is inscribed with the followers, Cupid vincit omni. The broach is a piece of jewellery, and the lettering fundamentally translates to love conquers all. Since the Prioress is a nun, she should non hold a broach made of gold. She is non supposed to hold anything munificent ; instead, she should populate a life of simple agencies. She has purportedly made this committedness to the church. Love conquers all is normally used as an look between a love shared by a adult male and a adult female. As a nun, the Prioress should hold no cognition of this sort of love and to the people and Church of the twenty-four hours this would be considered profane. Last ( in respect to the Prioress deficiency of following her Church committednesss ) , the storyteller describers her headgear known as a wimple But sikerly she hadde a faire forheed: / It was about a spanne brood ( lines 154-155 ) . Translated this means that her brow is demoing through her headgear when merely her face should be. The reader can presume that she does this in order to do herself more beautiful. Combined, these actions show the Prioresses neglect for the Church, for if she genuinely cared, none of these would be present. Towards the terminal of the Prioress description, the storyteller leaves the reader with and pained hire to countrefete cheere / Of tribunal, and to been statlich of manere ( lines 139-140 ) . This fundamentally sums up the Priores, s and Chaucer s position of adult females: forgery. The Prioress systematically fails to move in conformity with the Chur ches regulations although she is a nun, and pretends to be a true socialite and worldly figure when she is nil more than a pupil and an image of person she wishes to genuinely be. When compared to the Prioress, the male Knight is depicted instead favourably as an honest character. Chaucer s Knight is the true prototype of a soldier. Harmonizing to the storytellers description, he has killed many work forces and has traveled the universe, including Russia, Spain, Prussia, Lithuania, Africa and many other topographic points. Chaucer s description of the Knight has non one negative facet. For this ground, it is apparent that Chaucer is demoing the reader all of the good qualities work forces have as opposed to the qualities females deficiency. The Knight s qualities include award, courage, devotedness to his lands, and honestness. This is shown throughout the storyteller s description of the Knight, including when he states he loved chivalrye. / Troughe and honor, freedom and curteisye ( lines 45-46 ) , He nevere yet no vilainye ne saide ( line 70 ) and a verray, parfit, gentil knight ( line 72 ) . Harmonizing to the storyteller, he has been on more mission s than anyone else, and no 1 can compare in footings of repute. The following extract from the General Prologue shows this clearly: At Alisander he was whan it was wonne ; Flu ofte clip he hadde the broord bigonne Aboven alle nacious in Pruce ; In Lettou had he resised, and in Ruce, No Christian adult male so ofte of his grade ; In Grenade at the sege eek hadde he b Of Algezir, and ridden in Bekamarye ; At Lyeis was he, and at Satalye, Whan they were wonne ( lines 51-59 ) Compared to Chaucer s blemished Prioress, the Knight has traveled all over the universe, and if he had known how to talk Gallic it would be because he had visited the land and learned from experience. The fact that the Knight went on so many missions ( campaigns ) and is held in such high respect by his state shows his dedication to his state, or what he is supposed to make ( it is his duty to make this as a solider ) . Since the Prioress is supposed to follow the guidelines of the Church but systematically does non, she is opposite from the Knight in this manner. This aspect is decidedly integrated by Chaucer deliberately to raise the image of work forces even higher from adult females. He does his responsibility despite the dangers he may faces, since merely work forces could function their state ; Chaucer is utilizing this facet of the Knights character in a double manner to divide work forces and adult females. The concluding comparing between the Prioress and Knight can be shown in footings of secular ownerships and visual aspects. Both a knight and nun should hold small in footings of garments and ownerships. As stated antecedently the Prioress has a desire for munificent points and attempts to do herself more physically appealing. In footings of ownerships and appearances the Knight is described by the storyteller in the undermentioned footings: His hors were goode, but he was non cheery. / Of fustian he wered a gipoun / All bismotered with his haubergoun ( line 74-76 ) , intending the Knight is non really dressed to maintain up with current tendencies, even his armour is worn. This is how it should be for a adult male of his stature. The lone ownership the Knight does hold is his Equus caballus: he would be nil without it. This is a humbling characteristic that is besides lacked by the Prioresses character. An analysis of Chaucer s work reveals blunt differences between his word picture of male ( the Knight ) and female ( the Prioress ) characters. Chaucer ascribes different qualities transporting different intensions to both genders. While Chaucer exposes the Prioress as deceitful and selfish, the Knight is described in much more honest footings, genuinely incarnating aristocracy and attachment to responsibility. Throughout Chaucer s The Canterbury Tales, the reader finds that the storytellers descriptions of the characters are similar, in that the males seem to hold a higher degree of character when compared to the female characters. All of the female characters are described as fallacious, shallow, missing religion, and merely caring for themselves. For this ground, the reader can see that Chaucer s true feelings towards each gender are represented throughout The Canterbury Tales. In fact, many have said that when the storyteller speaks to the reader and says he is depicting the cha racters as he sees them, Chaucer is giving a hint that he has really depicted some world in his work of fiction. Chaucer s description of the Prioress and Knight, peculiarly, can be viewed as his commentary on work forces and adult females, and their general characteristics/commitment to their several functions.

Critisism on Machiavelli essays

Critisism on Machiavelli essays The master figure of Elizabethan drama is Machiavelli. He was only known through the French of Gentillet, if that: but he was the great character of supreme intrigue that, however taken, was at the back of every tudor mind. Elizabethan drama"the first terror-stricken meeting of the England of Elizabeth with the Italy of the late renaissance"was more terrified of Machiavelli than of anybody. The Borgias, Sforzas, Baglionis, Malatestas, Riartes were of far more importance to the Elizabethan dramatists than any of their own eminent countrymen. Familiarity bred contempt in the long run. But during its flourishing period the English stage went constantly to the schoolmaster of manslaughter, Machiavelliand his political paradigms chosen in conformity with his Borgia worshipfor its thrills.... Mr Edward Meyer has catalogued three hundred and ninety-five references to Machiavelli in Elizabethan literature. As to his influence in England, Dr Grosart wrote: I have suggested to the biographer of the renowned Machiavelli (Professor Villari of Florence) that an odd chapter might be written on the scare his name was for long in England: so much so that he came to be regarded as an incarnation of the Evil If three hundred and ninety-five direct references can be found to Machiavelli in Elizabethan literature, it is everywhere steeped in his philosophy and what his philosophy represented. Webster, Massinger, Ford, Marston, Tourneur, Middleton are all indebted to him so heavily that either in the form of revulsion or delight they could be called the children of Machiavelli. The Unnatural Combat, Women beware Woman, Antonio and Mellida, The Insatiate Countess, The Changeling, The Revenger's Tragedy, etc., would not have existed in the form in which they did without the showmanship and propagandist zeal of Machiavelli.... But in the long run the English got over their fright, and "saw through Machiavelli""Machiavel, thou art a...

Biography of Christine de Pizan, Medieval Writer

Biography of Christine de Pizan, Medieval Writer Christine de Pizan (1364 to 1430), born in Venice, Italy, was an Italian writer and political and moral thinker during the late medieval period. She became a prominent writer at the French court during the reign of Charles VI, writing on literature, morals, and politics, among other topics. She  was noted for her unusually outspoken defense of women. Her writings remained influential and oft-printed through the 16th  century, and her work returned to prominence during the mid-20th  century. Fast Facts: Christine de Pizan Known For: Early feminist thinker and influential writer in the royal court of Charles VI of FranceBorn: 1364 in Venice, ItalyDied: 1430 in Poissy, FrancePublished Works: The Book of the City of Ladies, The Treasure of the City of LadiesFamous Quote:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The man or the woman in whom resides greater virtue is the higher; neither the loftiness nor the lowliness of a person lies in the body according to the sex but in the perfection of conduct and virtues.†Ã‚  (from  The Book of the City of Ladies) Early Life Pizan was born in Venice to Tommaso di Benvenuto da Pizzano, later known by the Gallicized moniker Thomas de Pizan, in reference to the family’s origins in the town of Pizzano. Thomas was a physician, astrologer, and politician in Venice – then a republic in its own right – and accepted a posting to the French court of Charles V in 1368. His family accompanied him there. Unlike many of her contemporaries, Pizan was well educated from a young age, in large part thanks to her father, who encouraged her learning and provided access to an extensive library. The French court was highly intellectual, and Pizan absorbed it all. Wed and Widowed At the age of fifteen, Pizan  married Etienne du Castel, a court secretary. The marriage was, by all accounts, a happy one. The pair were close in age, and the marriage produced three children in ten years. Etienne encouraged Pizans intellectual and creative pursuits as well. Pizans father Thomas died in 1386, with some debts outstanding. Because Thomas had been the royal favorite, the family’s fortunes were not as bright after his death. In 1389, tragedy struck again. Etienne fell ill and died, most likely from the plague, leaving Pizan a widow with three young children. With no surviving male relatives, Pizan was left as the sole supporter of her children and her mother (and a niece, according to some sources). When she attempted to claim the salary still owed to her late husband, she was forced to engage in legal battles to get what was owed. Writer at Court The royal courts of England and Milan both expressed interest in Pizans presence, but her loyalty remained with the court where she had spent nearly her entire life. The natural decision might have been to remarry, but Pizan made the decision to not seek a second husband among the men at court. Instead, she turned to her considerable writing skill as a means to support her family. At first, Pizans  output mainly consisted of love poetry in the favored styles of the era. Several of the ballads were expressions of grief over Etienne’s passing, again highlighting the genuine affection of their marriage. Pizan was highly involved in the production of her books, and her skillful poetry and embrace of Christian morals caught the eyes of many of the wealthy, titled courtiers. Writing romantic ballads was also a crucial means of gaining patrons, given the popularity of the form. As time passed, she gained many patrons, including Louis I, Duke of Orleans, Phillip, Duke of Burgundy, Marie of Berry, and even an English earl, the Earl of Salisbury. Because of her ability to utilize these powerful patrons, Pizan  was able to navigate a time of major turmoil in the French court during the reign of Charles VI, who earned the moniker â€Å"the Mad† due to his bouts of mental illness that rendered him unfit to rule for stretches of time. Pizan also wrote many of her works for and about the French royal family. In 1404, her biography of Charles V was published, and she often dedicated pieces of writing to the royals. A 1402 work was dedicated to Queen Isabeau (Charles VI’s wife) and compared the queen to the historical queen Blanche of Castile. Literary Quarrel Pizans poetry was clearly influenced by her own experience of losing her husband and being left to fend for herself, but some poems had an unusual tone that set her apart. One poem describes a fictionalized Pizan being touched by the personification of Fortune and â€Å"changed† into a male, a literary depiction of her struggles to be her family’s breadwinner and fulfill a â€Å"male† role. This was only the start of Pizans writings on gender. In 1402, Pizan  gained attention as the instigator of a famous literary debate, the â€Å"Querelle du Roman de la Rose† or the â€Å"Quarrel of the Romance of the Rose.† The debate centered on the Romance of the Rose, written by Jean de Meun, and its harsh, misogynistic depictions of women. Pizans writings defended women from these portrayals, using her extensive knowledge of literature and rhetoric to debate at a scholarly level. The Book of the City of Ladies The work for which Pizan is best known is The Book of the City of Ladies (Le Livre de la cità © des dames). In this work and its companion, The Treasure of the City of Ladies, Pizan  created an extensive allegory in defense of women, marking her as one of the earliest Western feminist authors. The central idea of the work is the creation of a great metaphorical city, constructed by and for heroic, virtuous women throughout history. In the book, Pizans  fictionalized self has a lengthy dialogue with three ladies who are the personifications of great virtues: Reason, Rectitude, and Justice. Her rhetoric is designed to critique the oppression of women and the vulgar, misogynistic attitudes of male writers of the day. It included profiles and â€Å"examples† drawn from great women of history, as well as logical arguments against oppression and sexism. Additionally, the book exhorts women of all stations to cultivate their skills and to live well. Even in the production of her book, Pizan advanced the cause of women. The Book of the City of Ladies was produced as an illuminated manuscript, which Pizan herself oversaw. Only skilled women were employed to produce it. Political Writings During Pizans  life, the French court was in considerable turmoil, with various factions constantly vying for power and the king incapacitated much of the time. Pizans writings urged unity against a common enemy (the English, with whom the French were fighting the Hundred Years’ War) rather than civil war. Unfortunately, civil war broke out around 1407. In 1410, Pizan  published a treatise on warfare and chivalry, in which she discussed the concepts of just war, treatment of troops and prisoners, and more. Her work was balanced for her time, adhering to the contemporary concept of war as divinely ordained justice but also critiquing the cruelties and crimes committed in wartime. As her connection to the royal family remained intact, Pizan  also published The Book of Peace, her final major work, in 1413. The manuscript was dedicated to the young dauphin, Louis of Guyenne, and was filled with advice on how to govern well. In her writing, Pizan advocated against civil war and advised the prince to set an example for his subjects by being wise, just, honorable, honest, and available to his people. Later Life and Death After the French defeat at Agincourt in 1415, Pizan  stepped away from court and retired to a convent. Her writing ceased, although in 1429, she wrote a paean to Joan of Arc, the only such French-language work written in Joan’s lifetime. Christine de Pizan died at the convent in Poissy, France in 1430 at the age of 66. Legacy Christine de Pizan was one of the earliest feminist writers, defending women and placing value on the perspectives of women. Her works criticized the misogyny found in classical romances and were seen as vindications of women. After her death,  The Book of the City of Ladies remained in print, and her political writings continued to circulate as well. Later scholars, most notably Simone de Beauvoir, brought Pizans works back to prominence in the twentieth century, studying her as one of the earliest instances of women who wrote in defense of other women. Sources Brown-Grant, Rosalind. Christine de Pizan and the Moral Defence of Women. Cambridge University Press, 1999.â€Å"Christine de Pisan.† Brooklyn Museum, https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings/christine_de_pisanâ€Å"Christine de Pizan Biography.† Biography, https://www.biography.com/people/christine-de-pisan-9247589Lunsford, Andrea A., editor. Reclaiming Rhetorica: Women and in the Rhetorical Tradition.  University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995.Porath, Jason. Rejected Princesses: Tales of History’s Boldest Heroines, Hellions, and Heretics. New York: Dey Street Books, 2016.

The Relevance of Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Relevance of Buddhism - Essay Example The main goal of Buddhism is to reach the ultimate state of Nirvana, which is through the negation of rebirths and end the human suffering, which is attached to the soul. Siddharta Gautama, who died in the year 400BC, taught the attainment of salvation through the application of an ethical code of conduct, unselfish behavior, ceremonies, devotional practices, meditation, reincarnation of worldly matters, study, physical exercises, cultivation of wisdom and the negation of suffering by understanding the true meaning of our natural phenomena. CIA, The World Factbook shows that While Buddhism is quite popular amongst people in the Asian countries; it also has branches across the globe. It is also believed that Buddhism has over 400 million followers across the world. At present, Buddhism is subdivided into two forms and has two main distinct branches. First being the Theravada branch that is a form of Buddhism which is mostly followed in the Southeastern regions of Asia. And second, the Mahayana that is a form of Buddhism which is widely followed throughout East Asian countries. Theravada is a Sanskrit word which means â€Å"way of the elders† (Reynolds, 2009). Founded in India, spreading in the third century BCE, through to Sri Lanka and Burma then to Laos, Cambodia and southern Vietnam and most recently to Indonesia and Australia. It is the oldest surviving Buddhist school and is a closely guarded school that is supposed to be the closest to the original teachings of Buddhism and is the main religion of Sri Lanka. It is widespread in South East Asia, wherein countries such as Laos, Cambodia, Burma, and Thailand have been following its practices for centuries.

Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business Management - Essay Example However, this would attract large capital investments and total relocation which are not feasible at the present juncture. A centralized Storing & Warehousing Department could solve the problem. Under this system, the customer could provide his material requirements electronically through computer to the vendors. All his material supplies could be processed electronically in a central system and requisitions placed to different units that stock these items. All the requisitioned items could then be sent across to a central point used as material collection centre. The buyer needs to collect all his needed materials from this central point. This way, a complete electronic track is kept of all receipts and dispatch of goods to/from different units, however, geographically dispersed they may be. While exerting excellent control over goods, it also serves to reduce the efforts of customers who would otherwise need to move from unit to unit to collect their goods. The arrival pattern of trucks leads to traffic congestion and contributes to gridlock within the unit. This could be seen as an offshoot of the problem mentioned earlier. It is suggested that separate timings and controls are maintained for delivery trucks visiting the unit. These would be parked in areas which are not within normal business parking zones, thus the normal production etc would not be affected by vendors, or delivery activities. Moreover, the use of a centralized warehousing would relieve the congestion in peripheral stores and depots, and exercise more efficient control mechanism. There are concerns about Manufacturing Unit at Pacific Northwest (PN) with regard to rising production costs, higher carrying costs, late deliveries, increasing incidence of scrap and lower product quality standards that need to be urgently addressed to. In all

Primary Education and Trendy Brown Jacket Essay Example for Free

Primary Education and Trendy Brown Jacket Essay The most important qualities of an outstanding teacher are those that improve teaching and enhance student learning. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and  secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker – I thought I would provide the laughs – literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days! But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket – with elbow pads) was my best teacher – he was well dench! Of course that expression hadn’t been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting.

Lord of Flies :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we take a look at the definition of human nature, we can see that it is the set of traits or characteristics that all of us as human beings posses. This includes compassion, love, hate, selfishness, etc. From the day we enter this world, these qualities have been implanted in us and they determine what kind of a person we are. For example, is a convict sitting on death row equal to Mother Theresa? According to human nature we all posses the same essence, so what makes the two so different from each other? Has one altered their nature?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A group of English boys are stranded on an island after the plane they were on was shot down. This is the central plot of William Golding’s, â€Å"Lord of the Flies.† It is the internal struggle between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad.† Each character represents a component of society. Ralph possesses leadership, creativity, and responsibility. He is elected leader of the group and tries to organize everyone under a single civilization on the island. Jack represents the barbarous, savage, and crude attribute that we all own. Piggy is the intellect and voice of reason of the group. Simon represents spirituality and a deep connection with nature. He is compassionate and kind hearted; always thoughtful of others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We, as humans, are not perfect. Some are crude while others more sensitive. Rules and punishment restrain our inner â€Å"monster.† Following rules and orders is infringed by a system of laws; it is not part of our human nature. If put in an environment without these laws or fear of consequences I think that all of us would be different. These boys were used to life in England, raised as stoics in a preparatory and singing in the choir. How then did those same choirboys turn into a chaotic and murderous group? Let’s face it, if we were left alone in a room with no supervisor taking a test many of us would cheat. We would not worry about getting caught or what consequences it would bring. That is our human nature. It can never be changed. Even Ralph, who has never been to a hunt, gets caught up in the excitement of the chase and gives in to his inevitable nature when he participates in the killing of Simon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the boys were first stranded on the island the first thing they wanted to do as recreate the society they had grown up on and try to get rescued.

The Battle of Passchendaele

The Battle of Passchendaele Officially known as the Third Battle of Ypres, Passchendaele became infamous not only for the scale of casualties, but also for the mud. It was a combination of the Environment, Tactics and Poor Leadership that lead to the AIF’s losing the battle of Passchendaele. On 9 October 1917, British divisions, with the AIF in support, attacked towards Passchendaele village in terrible conditions.In the mud and rain the effort proved futile but the high command thought that enough ground had been gained to order an assault on 12 October. The Germans were fully prepared for the incoming attack, launched across an eleven mile front, small gains of land was only achieved during the attack. Then in the early days of August, the area was saturated with the heaviest rain the region had seen in thirty years. The area in Flanders became effectively a swamp.The weather at the site of this battle was dreadful; it was all muddy and sticky, after it had poured for days o n end. It was because of the harsh weather that many of the AIF troops got trench foot. As this was happening, the AIF was losing a lot of men that died or could not fight again because of the wounds that they had obtained. Third Ypres was intended as Sir Douglas Haig's Allied forces breakthrough in Flanders in 1917.The AIF lost this battle because of the poor leadership that the officers showed during the battle because of the position they were put in by the Germans. Plumer advocated continuing the attack immediately into Passchendaele ridge, arguing that the morale of the German troops was, for the present at least, broken, and that this combined with a shortage of forces would virtually guarantee Allied capture of the ridge.Haig however disagreed, choosing not to go along with the plans that he had made for the AIF. It was a combination of the Environment, Tactics and Poor Leadership that lead to the AIF’s losing the battle of Passchendaele. In conclusion the battle of Pa sschendaele was a failed attempt by the AIF as they lost a lot more men then the Germans. I have talked about the tactics, morale and the leadership. These parts of the battle were the most interesting to my eye.

The Benefits and Hinderance of Assessments

Appraisal in primary instruction involves geting information and doing formal or informal opinions about kids ‘s advancement and attainments, including countries for farther development. The chief facets that are normally assessed in kids ‘s larning include: cognition, apprehension, accomplishments, behavior, attitudes and values in relation to the National Curriculum ( Wragg, 2001 ) . Assessment is indispensable as it can unearth of import information. For illustration, it can ; place spreads in kids ‘s acquisition and where support may be required, supply information that can be shared with parents, inform instructor ‘s planning and teaching method and bespeak the effectivity of schools. However, this is non an inclusive list and there are other indispensable grounds why appraisal is required, which shall be reinforced throughout this treatment. We shall concentrate on appraisal schemes and how this information is utilized ; in peculiar this will be cross referenced with my experience in school. We will get down by researching summational appraisal schemes. This is besides known as ‘Assessment of Learning ‘ ( AOL ) and is an analysis of the appraisal to day of the month, which occurs at the terminal of the twelvemonth or block of survey. Examples of summational appraisals include: the Foundation Stage Profile ( FSP ) , Standards Assessment Tests ( SATS ) and formal instructor appraisals. The empirical grounds collated from this is used to look into the advancement or attainment of the scholar in relation to countries of the National Curriculum. The cardinal intent of this type of appraisal is to supply informations for national and local benchmarking intents. Using this information is indispensable as it enables schools to infer whether kids are run intoing the age-related outlooks. If they have deviated, marks are reviewed and the necessary commissariats or intercessions are implemented. This is to guarantee kids remain on path to run into the national outlooks of doing at least two National Curriculum degrees advancement over each cardinal phase. In my base-school at Robin Hood Primary, information analysis is of import to inform their tracking systems so that they can take action and measure kids ‘s advancement and attainment. The anterior attainment informations is besides used at the start of term to put marks and inform average term planning. This is a cardinal focal point for learning and acquisition. The Contextual Value-Added ( CVA ) theoretical account is a national step which quantifies schools public presentation compared to others with similar features. This theoretical account considers a scope of factors such as ; anterior attainment, Particular Educational Needs ( SEN ) and Free School Meals that can impact kids ‘s public presentation ; therefore provides a flat playing field. The school ‘s CVA tonss are presented on RAISEonline, which is of import in puting the model for schools and bespeaking its accomplishment and attainment ( Weston, 2007 ) . This information enables Local Educational Authorities and schools to: place tendencies, underachieving groups, set realistic marks, and reexamine overall effectivity and criterions. This is peculiarly of import sing the: ‘breaking the nexus between disadvantage and low attainment ‘ certification. This is an enterprise to extenuate under-performance issues in disadvantaged communities. But it should be not ed that the recent White Paper: importance of instruction has indicated a reform into assessment coverage. In peculiar, the CVA theoretical account will discontinue and the hereafter reformed course of study will move as a benchmark for all schools, with a focal point on ‘pupils ‘ premium ‘ to raise accomplishment. There has been negativity towards external summational appraisals in footings of their dependability and whether it benefits the kid ‘s acquisition and advancement. SATS are classed as ‘high bets ‘ , which can ensue in ‘teaching to the trials ‘ and rote instead than deep larning being assessed ( James and Gipps 1998 ) . Hall ( 2010 ) noted that instructors can besides be inclined to follow ‘transmission manners ‘ of instruction, which reduces creativeness in the course of study ; and could finally impact kids ‘s acquisition. SATS are undertaken at Robin Hood Primary along with instructor appraisals. They continue to advance a originative course of study as they recognise the importance of making rich acquisition experiences and orienting kids ‘s demands. This is so they can bask larning and develop new accomplishments whilst still fixing kids for SATS in an effectual mode. In footings of my pattern, I will necessitate to use simil ar teaching methods to run into the larning demands of kids ( Q28 ) . The instructor appraisals officially consider kids ‘s public presentation in each country of acquisition ; and provides them a National Curriculum degree that ‘best-fits ‘ the kid. These have proved to be more popular than SATS in footings of their dependability. To some extent this can be used formatively to inform the teaching method of the schoolroom ( Hall, 2003 ) . The advantage is that the whole- course of study can be assessed in footings of the attainment marks instead than the specific focal point on nucleus topics. More significantly, learning is non specifically geared toward trials but can be adapted by prosecuting larning ends that meet kids ‘s demands ( Alexander, 2010 ) . Robin Hood Primary uses a assortment of grounds from different contexts to measure students as they recognise that kids learn in different ways. This is of import if we consider Gardner ‘s theory of multiple intelligences, where different instruction contexts leverage the ir strengths. The school ethos is a collaborative planning attack. This enables twelvemonth group instructors to discourse their appraisal attacks, what they are measuring in relation to their programmes of work and whether there is a common apprehension of the degree descriptions for moderateness intents. Hall and Harding ( 2002 ) noted that teacher appraisals can be enhanced if a ‘collaborative attack ‘ is envisioned. This is where an ‘assessment community ‘ is created affecting staff, students and even parents. In footings of my ain pattern, it will be indispensable that I discuss instructors ‘ appraisals with experient co-workers to guarantee that kids ‘s advancement and attainments are moderated ( Q11 ) . This information would besides be of import to inform planning and personalise acquisition to assist raise degree of accomplishments ; and contract any attainment spreads ( Q13, Q19 ) . This besides highlights how of import appraisal informations is to supervise kids ‘s advancement and raise attainment degrees. Now that we have discussed summational appraisal schemes, it is of import to research the normally preferable attack ; formative appraisal. Appraisal for Learning ( AFL ) and Assessment as Learning ( AAL ) are formative attacks and is a cardinal portion of the instruction, larning and be aftering procedure. It is a uninterrupted procedure of placing and reacting to kids ‘s acquisition in order for them to do effectual advancement. Therefore it enables instructors to reevaluate their teaching method and planning in visible radiation of whether the intended acquisition results have been achieved. In comparing to summational attacks, AFL recognises the importance of the scholar being included in the appraisal procedure. Hall ( 2003 ) reinforced this impression: ‘†¦ Just as acquisition is a societal procedure, so excessively assessment is a societal procedure. The manner the learner interprets the acquisition context is vitally of import to their success in that context ‘ . ( Hall, 2003, p. 12 ) Black and William ‘s ( 1998 ) research have proven that AFL does raise criterions of attainment. In peculiar, easing the lower abilities more than others, which minimises the spread of attainment. This links with the Assessment Reform Group ‘s ( 2002 ) research of AFL patterns. They highlighted 10 rules to maneuver instructors in implementing this in their schoolroom to advance effectual instruction and acquisition. The cardinal intent of AFL is to raise accomplishment. It involves kids to develop their ain acquisition, which makes them active agents in the appraisal procedure. Planning is critical to its success to guarantee that relevant information is collated to heighten kids ‘s advancement. Alexander ( 2010 ) emphasised that AFL lucifers modern positions of how kids learn as they actively construct their acquisition and take ownership. Key characteristics associated with AFL ( but non inclusive ) include: sharing the acquisition aims and success standards, supplying feedback, effectual inquiring, affecting kids in equal and self-assessment, and Assessing Pupils Progress ( APP ) . Robin Hood Primary extremely respects AFL as a mechanism to supervise kids ‘s advancement and attainment so that any barriers can be lifted to guarantee that they all reach their possible. This is reinforced by their purpose: ‘†¦Raise criterions of attainment and accomplishment by holding high outlooks of the instruction and larning ‘ . ( Robin Hood Primary School ‘s Policy, 2010 ) AFL is embedded within their school civilization to gain this purpose. The celebrated formative illustrations are some which are used within the school and shall now be discussed. Sharing larning aims is a whole-school attack and is made visually and verbally explicit to the kids in all topics. The kids besides write the acquisition aims in their work to reenforce outlooks. This pattern enables kids to be clear on the purpose of the lesson and more significantly what they need to make to be successful, which is the success standard. This so promotes self-assessment, which links to an of import impression made by Black and William ( 1998b ) : ‘†¦When scholars do come to a sense of how their work is judged they are far more effectual and committed as scholars. They can self-evaluate ‘ . ( Cited in Hall and Burke, 2003, p. 55 ) Sharing the success standard is every bit of import as the acquisition aims. Children recognize what the instructor ‘s outlooks are in footings of judging attainment and they can supervise their advancement towards these ends. At Robin Hood Primary, they normally make this visually explicit such as on the Interactive Whiteboard and is besides reinforced verbally throughout the lesson to do outlooks clear. In add-on, I have observed the instructor to underscore the intent of what they are making, which is of import if we consider the cognitive behavior attack to larning. This theory states that scholars actively construct their acquisition. By supplying a intent they are motivated to larn, which interlinks with the ‘what ‘s in it for me ‘ construct ( Hughes 2010 ) . In footings of pattern, it will be of import for me to go on to portion the acquisition aims and success standards with the category, by guaranting that it is besides expressed suitably to those with SEN and EAL needs. This would enable all kids to be engaged with the undertaking and basically their ain appraisal. It would besides allow me to concentrate on the acquisition results and therefore quality instead than merely acquiring the activities complete ( Q10, Q12, Q26b ) . Self-assessment is an built-in portion of the acquisition aims and success standards. This can merely be successful if kids assess and reflect on their ain ability and understand what they need to make to better instead than merely being told what to make. From my experience, oppugning throughout and during plenaries are utile manners to measure whether acquisition has taken topographic point. It besides enables kids ‘s to reflect whether they have fulfilled the success standards and larning aims. Robin Hood Primary considers effectual oppugning in self-assessment to be of import to get an penetration into kids ‘s acquisition. Open-ended inquiries are important to guarantee that it is inclusive of all scholars. Hall ( 2010 ) emphasised that kids need clip to believe to develop higher order believing accomplishments. From my experience, I have noticed the instructor to utilize ‘positive linguistic communication ‘ in the schoolroom if kids experience troubles or misconceptions, particularly in numeracy. The civilization is to handle errors as chances. I think this is an of import scheme to use so that kids are non de-motivated and increases their self-esteem ; but basically influences their acquisition positively. The school besides uses peer-assessment, which is more than marker trials and can reenforce self-assessment. For illustration, during certain speech production and listening group exercisings, the kids had to explicate inquiries sing a book, which was so discussed and evaluated as a category. This can be effectual as kids can get confidence in making their ain inquiries and sing a scope of differing responses. It besides enables them to develop an penetration into their ain public presentation and what they need to make to better by measuring the work of others. Clarke ( 2001 ) besides reinforced the importance of these appraisals as it raises their self-esteem as they are in control of their acquisition. It should be noted that there can be disadvantages with this type of appraisal in footings of sensitiveness or kids ‘s fight, but if used in the right context if can be powerful. In footings of my pattern, I will necessitate to guarantee that I present self and peer appraisal chances, in concurrence with effectual inquiring and feedback. This is so kids can reflect on their ain acquisition and be motivated to come on. This will besides supply me an penetration into their acquisition, which so informs short-tem planning in footings of the learning sequence of lessons ( Q29 ) . In relation to this, understanding the kids will be indispensable to provide for their demands efficaciously. This reinforces how these elements are closely interlinked with appraisal ( Q25a, Q25c, Q26a, Q27, Q28 ) . From the above treatment, we can see how formative appraisal schemes are more child-centred compared to summational attacks. This enables them to see how good they are making and more significantly for instructors to put marks. As mentioned earlier, Robin Hood Primary has pupil tracking systems, which enables them to measure whether kids are run intoing the age- related outlooks. These tracking systems consist of the National Curriculum degrees the kids obtained in the old old ages based on the SATS, instructor appraisals, APP informations and their anticipations for the terminal of the twelvemonth. The instructors besides have review meetings with the Head Teacher to look into that the students are on path. It enables instructors to put marks and commissariats to ease kids to do the 2 sub-level betterments within the twelvemonth. It besides deduces whether any intercessions are required to shut attainment spreads. This reinforces the importance of appraisal as pupil- degree informat ions is of import to inform acquisition, learning and be aftering so that attainment degrees can be raised. The ‘breaking the nexus between disadvantage and low attainment ‘ certification high spots that using informations can extenuate these links and encourages personalised learning commissariats. In footings of my pattern, it will be critical that this information is used for these intents so that kids can accomplish their possible ( Q10, Q13, Q19, Q25b, vitamin D, Q26b, Q29 ) . Robin Hood Primary besides have qualitative marks in literacy and numeracy, which are explicitly shared with the kids so they know how good they are making and what they need to make to better. This is of import so they can take ownership for their propensity. They have a mark sheet ( see appendix 1a and B ) in their numeracy and literacy books, which translate into ‘I can ‘ statements ; and are more child-friendly. This is a mechanism to portion marks with the kids so they know what they need to make to come on to their expected National Curriculum degrees by the terminal of the twelvemonth. The marks for EAL kids normally differ in literacy ( and other topics ) to guarantee they come on within their capablenesss. Children in Key Stage 1 and 2 besides complete an assessed piece of composing known as the ‘Big Write ‘ ; this is portion of the current school ‘s betterment program which places an accent on composing. This is normally undertaken at the termi nal of stage results to supervise kids in these specific countries of larning. Equally good as composing marks in their book, they are visually placed on their tabular arraies as a reminder. There are besides ocular shows such as ‘VCOP ‘ pyramids to foreground what they need to make to obtain a peculiar degree, which reinforces the criterions to take for. In footings of reading, the kids are informed of their degree at the beginning of the twelvemonth and where they are expected to be at the terminal of the twelvemonth. This is tracked by the instructor and instructor helper who monitor advancement. In footings of tracking other topics, the instructors provide feedback through constructive marker and general observations in the schoolroom. This is besides built-in to the self-assessment procedure so kids know how to bridge the spreads in their acquisition. Feedback is of import so instructors can assist scaffold their acquisition to shut the spread between what they know and need to cognize ( Clarke, 2003 ) . The instructor besides acquires feedback from the learning helpers as a manner of monitoring advancement. This besides demonstrates the importance of working closely with the support staff ( Q30 ) . I will necessitate to guarantee that I give constructive feedback to ease acquisition, particularly by associating their acquisition to prior experiences to do this meaningful. Feedback will besides enable me to set and inform hereafter planning and instruction ; which reinforces the appraisal, planning, learning rhythm and the importance of planning and monitoring kids ‘s advancement. ( Q12, Q27 ) The appraisal schemes across the age ranges are similar for Key Stage 1 and 2. However, in Key Stage 1 they have a phonics tracker to supervise advancement and inform ability groups. They besides use the ‘bubble and block ‘ attack, which specifies the positive component of their work and marks for betterment. There is besides the FSP which is a summational attack used in the Foundation Stage. This assesses kids ‘s patterned advance and the degree of attainment achieved in each of the six countries of larning. There are13 appraisal graduated tables covering these countries, which promotes instructors to used focused observations as a agency of the documented accomplishments ( DCFS, 2008 ) . This leads to a summational record at the terminal of the Foundation Stage. The FSP is used by the Key Stage 1 instructors to enable them to inform their hereafter planning. This reinforces the importance of appraisal informations in easing acquisition and raising attainment degre es. In footings of supervising the advancement and attainment of SEN kids ( or those working below the National Curriculum degrees ) , Robin Hood Primary uses p- degree informations and PIVATS in appraisal. These kids and those with learning troubles are still expected to do a similar rate of advancement compared to national outlooks of other kids. The school recognises that high outlooks, quality foremost learning ( as in all categories ) is important to raise their attainment degrees. The p-level information is used to set up good advancement for these scholars below the age-related outlooks. The information from these appraisal tools are used to inform Individual Education Plan marks ( for some kids ) and foregrounding their strengths excessively. Working with the SENCO will be of import to personalize and supervise the acquisition of these kids in footings of my pattern ( Q19 ) . APP is a mechanism they use to track single advancement, which is portion of AFL. By making so, they can place where kids are in their acquisition and set marks for patterned advance. It besides informs instructors ‘ capable cognition to infer what gaps they need to make full to enable kids to accomplish the expected degree. The school uses a representative sample in APP as it would be inefficient to supervise the advancement of each kid. For illustration, in my base-class they track a sum of six kids from the higher, middle and lower ability group for literacy ( excepting composing ) and numeracy. The school uses the APP appraisal guidelines from the Primary Nation Strategy certification to supervise kids ‘s advancement, although in some cases they use their ain stuffs. To measure reading, the kids are grouped harmonizing to ability for guided reading Sessionss. This enables the instructor to choose appropriate reading stuff and measure their word acknowledgment and comp rehension accomplishments. Targets are shared with the kids so they know what they have to make to come on to the following reading degree. More significantly, it facilitates instructors to reexamine planning, larning aims and place which group would profit from accelerated acquisition to acquire them on the right flight. APP will be indispensable to utilize in my pattern to inform planning to bridge any learning spreads and to personalize larning excessively ( Q19, Q22 ) . Thus It reinforces how AFL is of import is to pull off and be after the instruction and acquisition to acquire kids to where they need to be. Overall, we can see how appraisal is of import and an built-in portion of the planning and learning rhythm to raise attainment degrees. Assessment is of import to infer whether kids are run intoing the intended acquisition results or experience troubles ; which later inform be aftering. Planing and the sequence of lessons may so necessitate accommodations such by revisiting the larning aims or traveling in front based on the kids ‘s advancement. In bend, this informs the instructor ‘s teaching method as techniques may necessitate to be adapted or larning personalised to get the better of barriers. This may affect alterations in the distinction schemes to orient kids ‘s demands in the given context. Teaching besides enables appraisals to be made of the category, which informs planning ; hence this demonstrates how these elements are built-in. In footings of my pattern, I will necessitate to utilize appraisal to inform my planning and present high quality instruction. But most significantly, I will necessitate to cognize my category good and have high outlooks to raise attainment degrees so that they can all make their possible.Word Count: 3,312

Spans of control and scalar chain Essay Example

Spans of control and scalar chain Essay Example Spans of control and scalar chain Paper Spans of control and scalar chain Paper Flour Daniels opted to implement a decentralised structure largely due to them being forced by the changing environment, and as a result of this they merged and became much larger in size. In order to assess this new structure Flour Daniels would have considered the nature of the product and service being offered, policy making, day-to-day management and standardisation of procedures and contract terms for employees. This would have meant that senior management still needed to maintain effective control and co-ordination of all the activities of the organisation. Ideally, organisations thinking of moving to decentralisation need to blend the benefits for customer orientation and increased responsiveness, taking into account the advantages of size, common resources and economies of scales.  Mercy Hospital adopted a completely team based approach which involved a participative style of managerial behaviour, which encouraged supportive relationships between superiors and subordinates. Group methods of organisation, decision making and supervision led to a sustained improvement in work performance reacting positively to the change in the organisations structure. Both companies changed their organisation structure, as this was clearly essential for continued economic performance and competitiveness. In adopting these changes it is apparent that due to their current success they took into account a similar framework as Christensen and Overdorf suggest, in their management styles and approaches. This framework helps managers understand what types of change the organisation is capable and incapable of handling by considering the following:  Resources access to abundant, high quality resources increases and organisations chances of coping with change. Processes the patterns of interaction, co-ordination, communication and decision making employees use to transform resources into products or services.  Values the standards by which employees set priorities that enable them to judge whether an order is attractive, of if a customer is more or less important or an idea for a new product is attractive or marginal. Analysis of Mercy Hospital and Fluor Daniels  Before the re-organisation of structure design within Mercy Hospital and Fluor Daniels both companies reflected a tall hierarchical structure. This is normally associated with bureaucratic organisations such as these where they were working within specialisation of tasks, hierarchy of authority and decision making with systems of rules and regulations, with many layers. This resulted in simple tasks being dealt with inefficiently due to the number of levels of authority in order for a decision to be made. As Tom Peters suggests there are three key things that must happen to an organisational structure if they are to change quickly to different circumstances.   Layers of management must be radically reduced. No more than five layers are necessary, regardless of the size.   Most support staff must be assigned to the operations of the business, reporting to line managers. They should be encouraged to be business team members rather than narrow functional specialists. A radically increased ratio of non-supervisors to supervisors must be established so that there is a wide span of control. The minimum being one supervisor to every 25-75 non-supervisors.  Although adopting different approaches as a reaction of change both companies reflect the above suggestions of Tom Peters.  Before the reorganisation employees had little or no say on how they wish to see the organisation going, with no delegated power of decision making which leads to frustration due to the beauracacy involved. Today, both companies enable empowerment of individuals allowing them greater freedom, autonomy, and self control over their work as well as responsibility for decision making. This results in the decision making process being speeded up, the release of creative innovative capacities, greater job satisfaction, motivation and commitment as well as their employees gaining a greater sense of achievement from their work. The movement of tighter and leaner organisations has increased emphasis on the demand of a flexible firm; this is highlighted by economic pressures and rapid developments in information technology. One particular approach to flexible structural design is the concept of a shamrock model. Charles Handy describes this as an organisation which possesses several parts which are nevertheless attached to a whole. This could be described as the approach taken by Fluor Daniels. Mercy Hospital and Fluor Daniels were aware that they needed to improve their efficiency and competitiveness, whilst appreciating the demand for more participative styles of management and greater involvement of staff. This drew their attention to the consideration of looking at their spans of control and scalar chains. Flatter structures, not only has benefits to both companies due to a reduction and savings on managerial costs but also by the image perceived by customers by reducing unnecessary layers of the scalar chain, with fewer levels between the top and base of the hierarchical pyramid. Mercy Hospital and Fluor Daniels observed the conclusion made by Meredith Belbin the pre-eminence of team working in current and future scenarios will inevitably lead to trapezium organisations where autonomous work groups or teams are supported by a small number of operational managers, and where strategic decisions are taken by a small group of separate managers in a balanced team.  They both incorporated the classic structure recommended for empowering, whereby their separate organisations are an inverted triangle, drawn to illustrate the role of the board of directors and facilitators in supporting positions rather than authoritative positions. Both these organisation which are team based do not require managing, it merely requires their managers and supervisors to become skilled people in facilitating, communicating good and bad news, breaking down barriers and providing expert information and knowledge.  Drucker stated There are only organisations, each of which has distinct strengths, distinct limitations and specific applications. It has become clear that organisation is not an absolute. It is a tool for making people productive in working together. As such, a given organisation structure fits certain tasks in certain conditions and at certain times.

Pronouncing the Spanish K and Q in Spanish

Pronouncing the Spanish K and Q in Spanish The Spanish k is pronounced basically the same as it usually is in English, except perhaps a bit softer, often something like the c in scatter. The q is pronounced the same. As in English, the Spanish q is always followed by a u except in a very few words of foreign origin. Spanish is even more particular in the sequences in which the q is used: the qu is always followed by by an e or an i, and the u is silent. Thus que is pronounced something like keh would be in English and quien is pronounced something like kyen. The sound is also the same as the c sound except when the c precedes an e or i. In order to maintain the correct pronunciation, the Spanish cognates of English words with qua or quo are often spelled with a c in Spanish instead. Thus the Spanish word for quartz is cuarzo, and the word for quota is cuota. The k is rare in Spanish, used almost exclusively for words of foreign origin such as kilo and kayak. In the audio lesson on pronouncing the k and q  sounds  you will hear the phrase quà © tal and the number quince spoken by native speakers.

Marketing essentials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing essentials - Essay Example It was originally named as Cadbury Schweppes Overseas Ltd (CSOL) after its merger with Schweppes. The mission of the organisation is to offer best quality products to its customers in order to enhance its market share and brand identity in the markets of the United Kingdom as well as globally (Cadbury, n.d.). Thus, in the year 2007, Cadbury undertook a vital strategic move and shifted from the sector of beverages towards confectionary, which not only augmented its corporate image and but its profit margin as well. It started developing various products such as ‘5 stars’, ‘Perk’, ‘Celebrations’, ‘Temptations’, ‘Diary Milks and Gems’. Along with this, it also has offered milk food beverage as well namely Bournvita. Thus, it can be affirmed that Cadbury is a renowned brand and in terms of financial aspect held annual revenue of ?5, 384 million in the year 2008 (Cadbury, n.d.). The major objective of this assignment is to p repare a marketing plan for Cadbury for the next one to three years. It also highlights the situation of the company and the market in the current scenario. The paper also focuses on the SWOT analysis and competitors’ analysis in order to evaluate the existing position of the organisation, Cadbury in the global market. Moreover, it also includes development of an innovative product idea for the organisation along with financial forecasts for the product for the future three years. Analysis of Company Situation Cadbury is a reputed organisation and it mainly operates in international confectionary market. It is the second leading supplier of chocolate and other sugar confectionaries in the market of the United Kingdom (Cadbury, n.d.). As the company is operating from many years so it has established an apparent market brand image that enhanced its position to a large extent among other leading competitors. Moreover, as the organisation is functioning in global markets, it incl udes high prospects of diversifying the booming products of one market to other emerging markets. This helps to augment the market share and uniqueness of the brand in the varied emerging markets all round the globe (Scribd, n.d.). Although Cadbury functions in more than 60 countries, the maximum turnover is originated from the markets of the United States, South Africa, Ireland and United Kingdom. Along with these, other promising markets namely India, Thailand and China also offer significant impact on the growth and development of the Cadbury brand. The other important factor, which enhanced the individuality of the brand among other apparent players in the market, is heavy concentration and investment over advanced technologies. This helped the organisation to offer various new products at an efficient cost, which enhanced the dependency and receptiveness of the customers (Scribd, n.d.). Thus, it facilitated in improvement of the financial situation of the organisation as well. In addition, the strong administration team with centralised hierarchical structure facilitates Cadbury in maintaining a uniform culture, which amplifies the